The former player: 'I hoped to carry on my rugby career'
Important note: This article contains details of discriminatory language and conduct
Ex-England player Luther Burrell says that going public to expose racial discrimination in rugby union led his professional journey to an early end.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell described racism as being "widespread" in the sport, displaying Whatsapp messages and remembering training ground "comments" he had been subject to while representing Newcastle.
Then 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with guest team the Barbarians.
"I've have definitely had to end my career because of what occurred," he explained to media outlets.
"I really hoped to carry on playing, of course I did. I pursued that, and it collapsed when news came out that there were inquiries underway.
"That was difficult - I had to simply accept the outcome and understand that this entire process is a lot more important than me."
A sports organization investigation in April 2023 found Burrell's claims were true "on the balance of probability", but stated it could not gather sufficient proof to categorically say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell played in all of England's Six Nations games in 2014-15, but was surprisingly excluded for their squad for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell revealed to media he also encountered prejudice within the England team environment, during a international career that saw him win 15 appearances after his debut in February 2014.
"I've had several traumatic experiences within England camp," he said.
"Certain instances of discrimination and other just outdated thinking that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become normalised in team environments, in Burrell's experience.
"It's something that has been dressed up as humour and that's been the problem that I've myself experienced and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"Over a period of time you just begin to think that it's the norm and that is fine and that it's not harmful, but that's incorrect."
Burrell says he was eventually motivated to speak out after a team-mate at Newcastle referred to him as a "enslaved person" and instructed him to put sunscreen on his wrists and ankles "where chains would be placed."
The governing body said Burrell's disclosures had led to "a deeper look at the culture within the professional level and to the implementation of an strategy for the professional game."
"The organization has given significant attention on inclusion and inclusion in the sport and a substantial amount of work undertaken both prior and since Luther Burrell came forward and revealed his encounters of racism and classism," it continued.
"The organization are ongoing work with clubs and partners in the professional game to strive for a environment of acceptance but recognize this takes time and is an ongoing process."
Every Premiership and women's rugby club now has in-person training on creating inclusive environments, with its effectiveness tracked via specific documentation and feedback.
All England players, including age-grade squads, are educated in being "engaged observers" to step in and protect others from damaging conduct.
"You should be so proud of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce said to him as part of the documentary Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"I know it has had this impact on you and ended your career, but in our eyes, you have done so much. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a family member."
Burrell's dad Geoff died shortly after the production of the documentary, and his sister passed away earlier this year.
Burrell, who was raised on a social housing in his hometown, continues his work to make the sport more open.
His charitable organization aims to reach children in disadvantaged communities and support them succeed on and off the field with complimentary sports coaching, guidance and dietary education.
"My personal motivations are pure, I want to see the evolution of the sport and if others is willing to tell their story then I'll persist to fight that cause because I'm not just pursuing this for myself," he said.
"Everyone involved have an responsibility to make the sport as excellent as it can be and the longer I talk about it perhaps the more confident others will feel about discussing their personal stories as well.
"I need to grab the bull by the opportunity and continue bearing this flag and continue supporting this weight and accomplish what I can to develop possibilities and make the sport more attractive and more inclusive.
"There are a lot of disadvantaged young people and a lot of poverty and I honestly think that rugby has the ability to change their lives, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored a try for the Barbarians on a return to previous team Northampton in November 2022